The vertebral column is also called a spinal column, backbone, or spine. It is consists of 33 bones and each bone is called a vertebra . The vertebral column is divided into 5 segments and vertebrae in each segment have different structures. Figure 1: Vertebral Column and its structure. General Vertebra Structure Figure 2: General Vertebra Structure  As shown in Figure 2 above, Every vertebra consists of: Body Vertebral arch(foramen): It consists of Body -> Pedicle ->Transverse Process -> Lamina ->Spinous Process -> Lamina ->Transverse Process ->Pedicle -> Body A) Vertebral Segments 1. Cervical Segment (7 Vertebrae - C1 to C7): This segment has 7 vertebrae, the first 2 are atypical I.e.this 2 vertebrae have a different structure than the other vertebrae of the same group. Figure 3: Atlas and Dens Atlas(C1): This is the 1st vertebra, it is a ring-like structure of bones and it supports the skull. It doesn’t have a Spinous process and body.  Transverse p...

Figure 1: Rib Cage Rib cage/Thoracic cage is consists of the Ribs, Costal cartilages, Sternum and the 12 Thoracic vertebrae. The space inside the thoracic cage is conical at the upper end and broader at the lower end and its function is to support the content of the upper abdomen and to assist the respiratory system. It has 12 ribs on both sides and their end at the anterior side is in the form of special cartilage called as costal cartilage and end at the posterior side is called as head of the rib. The Sternum is an elongated bony structure present at the anterior center and consists of three parts- Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The manubrium is a wider, the superior portion of the sternum. Clavicles and 1st pair of ribs are attached to the Manubrium. The body is an elongated central part of the sternum and the next 6 ribs pairs are attached to it. The xiphoid process is the inferior tip of the sternum. Rectus abdominal and front fibers of the diaphragm are attached to it...

Figure 1: Knee Joint- Bones and ligaments The Knee joint is a hinge-like synovial joint that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone) called as tibiofemoral joint and the kneecap (or patella) meets the femur called as patellofemoral joint.      The knee joint is the largest joint in our body. It is vulnerable to injury as it bears an enormous amount of pressure while providing flexible movement. When we walk, the load on our knees is equal to 1.5 times our body weight. When climbing stairs it is equal to 3-4 times our body weight. When we squat, the load on our knees increases to about 8 times our body weight! Major bones involved in Knee Joint: The femur (thigh bone) – the longest bone in the body; the inferior femoral end is in the form of 2 hemispheres joined in front and divided at the backside. This convex and smooth hemisphere are called condyles and covered with articular(hyaline) cartilages. Tibia(shin bone) – runs from the knee to the ankle. Th...