Figure 1: Rib Cage Rib cage/Thoracic cage is consists of the Ribs, Costal cartilages, Sternum and the 12 Thoracic vertebrae. The space inside the thoracic cage is conical at the upper end and broader at the lower end and its function is to support the content of the upper abdomen and to assist the respiratory system. It has 12 ribs on both sides and their end at the anterior side is in the form of special cartilage called as costal cartilage and end at the posterior side is called as head of the rib. The Sternum is an elongated bony structure present at the anterior center and consists of three parts- Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The manubrium is a wider, the superior portion of the sternum. Clavicles and 1st pair of ribs are attached to the Manubrium. The body is an elongated central part of the sternum and the next 6 ribs pairs are attached to it. The xiphoid process is the inferior tip of the sternum. Rectus abdominal and front fibers of the diaphragm are attached to it...

Figure 1: Knee Joint- Bones and ligaments The Knee joint is a hinge-like synovial joint that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone) called as tibiofemoral joint and the kneecap (or patella) meets the femur called as patellofemoral joint.      The knee joint is the largest joint in our body. It is vulnerable to injury as it bears an enormous amount of pressure while providing flexible movement. When we walk, the load on our knees is equal to 1.5 times our body weight. When climbing stairs it is equal to 3-4 times our body weight. When we squat, the load on our knees increases to about 8 times our body weight! Major bones involved in Knee Joint: The femur (thigh bone) – the longest bone in the body; the inferior femoral end is in the form of 2 hemispheres joined in front and divided at the backside. This convex and smooth hemisphere are called condyles and covered with articular(hyaline) cartilages. Tibia(shin bone) – runs from the knee to the ankle. Th...

Figure 1: Pelvic Girdle It is a circular bony structure around the trunk at the lower end. IT consists of the pelvic spine and hip bones. In adults, the paired hip bones are large, curved bones formed from fused 3 bones- ilium, ischium, and pubis. The ilium forms the large, fan-shaped superior portion, the ischium forms the posteroinferior portion, and the pubis forms the anteromedial portion. These 3 bones- ilium, ischium, and pubis come together at lateral ends and form a cavity called Acetabulum, which forms the socket joint with the head of the femur, and this join is called as the hip joint. The hip joint is a stable joint with moderate movements. The ilium forms the sacroiliac joint with sacrum. The sacroiliac joint is a stable joint with minimum movement. It is supported by many ligaments. 2 Pubis bones forms symphysis at the anterior center with minimum movement. The main functions of Pelvic and pelvic girdle are: Transfer of weight from the upper axial skeleton to the lowe...